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<p><b>Ny side</b></p><div>{{infoboks biografi}}<br />
'''Hershel Shanks''' (født 8. mars 1930 i [[Sharon (Pennsylvania)|Sharon]] i [[Pennsylvania]] i [[USA]], død 5. februar 2021 i [[Washington DC]]) var en amerikansk advokat og [[bibelarkeolog]] som var grunnlegger og mangeårig redaktør av ''[[Biblical Archaeology Review]]''.<ref name="gnd">[https://d-nb.info/gnd/142631868 Shanks, Hershel] hos d-nb.info. Lest 29. mai 2021.</ref><ref name="lccn">[https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n88061341.html Shanks, Hershel] hos id.loc.gov. Lest 29. mai 2021.</ref><ref name="nachruf">[https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/obituary/ In Memory of Hershel Shanks] hos biblicalarchaeology.org. Lest 29. mai 2021.<br />
</ref><br />
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I mer enn førti år formidlet han bibelarkeologiens verden til den brede offentlighet gjennom magasiner, bøker og konferanser. Shanks var i sin samtid «sannsynligvis verdens mest innflytelsesrike bibelske amatørarkeolog,» ifølge [[The New York Times]]' bokkritiker Richard Bernstein.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F05E7DF1E3BF932A35757C0A96E958260 |title=Looking for Jesus and Jews in the Dead Sea Scrolls |access-date=23. desember 2008 |last=Bernstein |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Bernstein (journalist) |date=1. april 1998 |work=The New York Times }}</ref><br />
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==Liv og karriere==<br />
===Bakgrunn===<br />
Hershet Shanks ble født i Sharon i Pennsylvania, hvor hans far eide en skoforretning.<ref>{{cite journal |title=10 fun facts about Hershel Shanks |journal=Biblical Archaeology Review |date=2018 |volume=44 |issue=2&3 |page=14}}</ref> Han ble uteksaminert fra [[Haverford College]] (engelsk), [[Columbia University]] (sosiologi) og [[Harvard Law School]]. Etter drøye tre tiår med juridisk praksis ble han interessert i arkeologi i løpet av et år han tilbrakte i [[Jerusalem]].<br />
[[File:Ivory Pomegranate Inscription (3).jpg|thumb|Elfenbensgranateplet]]<br />
===Bibelarkeologi===<br />
I 1974 grunnla han ''[[Biblical Archaeology Society]]'' og i 1975 ''Biblical Archaeology Review'', som han redigerte til han gikk over til å være 'Editor Emeritus' i 2018.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Laden |first1=Susan |title=Raising the BAR: the history of the Biblical Archaeology Society |journal=Biblical Archaeology Review |date=2018 |volume=44 |issue=2 & 3 |pages=17–23, 86}}</ref> Han har skrevet og redigert en rekke arbeider om bibelsk arkeologi. Han brukte pseudonymet «Adam Mikaya» for noen få artikler publisert i ''Biblical Archaeology Review'' (BAR).<ref>{{cite web|title=David Noel Freedman (1922–2008)|url=http://www.bib-arch.org/news/freedman-obit.asp|access-date=30. mai 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705140632/http://www.bib-arch.org/news/freedman-obit.asp|archive-date=5. juli 2010}}</ref> Han skrev også verk om [[Dødehavsrullene]].<br />
[[Fil:JamesOssuary-1-.jpg|mini|Jakobsossuariet]]<br />
Shanks publiserte i ''Biblical Archaeology Review'' (BAR) diskusjoner om ektheten til en rekke artefakter,<ref name="shanks">[https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/uncategorized/hershel-shanks-trial-reaching-climax/ Hershel Shanks: Trial Reaching Climax?] bei biblicalarchaeology.org. Lest 29. mai 2021.</ref> som: [[Berekhyahu Bullae]],<ref name="bulldeutsch">[https://www.academia.edu/33809886/RECONSIDERING_THE_AUTHENTICITY_OF_THE_BEREKHYAHU_BULLAE_A_REJOINDER Reconsidering the Authenticity of the Berekhyahu Bullae: A Rejoinder] mad Pieter G. van der Veen, Gabriel Barkey, 2016, academia.edu. Lest 27. mai 2021.</ref><ref name="bullgoren">Yuval Goren: ''The Authenticity of the Bullae of Berekhyahu Son of Neriyahu the Scribe'' med Eran Arie i Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 2014, [[doi:10.5615/bullamerschoorie.372.0147]] [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305753694_The_Authenticity_of_the_Bullae_of_Berekhyahu_Son_of_Neriyahu_the_Scribe download als pdf möglich] bei researchgate.net. Lest 27. mai 2021.</ref> [[Elfenbensgranateplet]],<ref name="granat">[https://madainproject.com/ivory_pomegranate Ivory Pomegranate] bei madainproject.com. Lest 27. mai 2021.</ref> [[Jakobsossuariet]],<ref name="oss">[https://bibleinterp.arizona.edu/articles/Goren_report Examination of Authenticity: James Brother of Jesus Ossuary and Yehoash King of Yehuda Inscription] bei bibleinterp.arizona.edu. Lest 27. mai 2021.</ref> [[Joash-inskripsjonen]], [[Maadana-seglet]].<ref name="lyra">[https://newrepublic.com/article/130814/israeli-national-symbol-fake What If an Israeli National Symbol Is a Fake? The trouble with the Maadana lyre, Daniel Estrin, 2016] bei newrepublic.com. Lest 27. mai 2021.</ref> Kjente arkeologer og [[epigrafi]]ster deltok i diskusjonene: [[Gabriel Barkay]], [[Aaron Demsky]], [[Robert Deutsch]], [[André Lemaire]], [[Régine Hunziker-Rodewald]], [[Alan Ralph Millard]], [[Ada Yardeni]], [[Yuval Goren]]. Diskusjonene var svært opphetede og noen av diskusjonspartnerne ble mistenkt for å være medskyldige til falsknerier.<ref name="faelscher">[https://www.baslibrary.org/biblical-archaeology-review/35/6/12 Strata: Lemaire and Yardeni Were Suspected of Forgery, 2009] baslibrary.org. Lest 17. november 2020.</ref><br />
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Yuval Goren undersøkte stykkene ved hjelp av røntgenfluorescensanalyse. Hans undersøkelser gav opphav til mistanke om forfalskninger. Shanks selv hadde en tendens til å se på artefaktene som ekte, men lot begge sider slippe til med sine argumenter.<ref name="adayar">[https://www.baslibrary.org/biblical-archaeology-review/44/2/5 Hershel’s Crusade, No. 3: Forgeries and Unprovenanced Artifacts, Ada Yardeni] hos baslibrary.org. Lest 29. mai 2021.</ref><br />
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I en rettssak for [[Israels høyesterett]] i 1993, ble Shanks og andre med saksøkt av den ledende Dødehavsrull-forsker Elisha Qimron for brudd på opphavsretten da Shanks, uten tillatelse, publiserte materiale skrevet av Qimron i ''A Facsimile Edition of the Dead Sea Scrolls''. Han ble felt, og i 2000 ble Shanks' anke av den tidligere avgjørelsen avvist.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abegg |first1=Martin |title=He who freed the Dead Sea Scrolls |journal=Biblical Archaeology Review |date=2018 |volume=44 |issue=2 & 3 |pages=24–28}}</ref><br />
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Shanks var redaktør for ''Moment Magazine'' i 15 år fra 1987.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0018_0_18181.html |title=Shanks, Hershel |publisher=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org |access-date=2015-05-15}}</ref><br />
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Hans TV-opptredener inkluderte ''Who Wrote the Bible?'' (1996), ''The Naked Archaeologist'' (2005), og ''Mysteries of the Bible''.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2588331/ imdb.com] Shanks på [[Internet Movie Database]]</ref><br />
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Shanks døde av komplikasjoner forårsaket av [[covid-19]] i sitt hjem i Washington D.C. den 5. februar 2021, kort før sin 91-årsdag.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Berger |first=Joseph |date=2021-03-07 |title=Hershel Shanks, Whose Magazine Uncovered Ancient Israel, Dies at 90 |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/07/business/media/hershel-shanks-dead-coronavirus.html |access-date=2022-08-19 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><br />
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==Verker==<br />
===Bøker===<br />
* {{cite book |author1-last=Shanks |author1-first=Hershel |title=The City of David: A guide to Biblical Jerusalem |location=Tel Aviv, Israel |publisher=Bazak Israel Guidebook Publishers |date=1973 |isbn=9780960709212 |oclc=2378283 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/cityofdavidguide0000shan }}<br />
* {{cite book |author1-last=Shanks |author1-first=Hershel |author1-mask=3 |title=In the Temple of Solomon and the Tomb of [[Caiaphas]] |location=Washington, DC |publisher=Biblical Archaeology Society |date=1993 |isbn=9781880317112 |oclc=645662424 }}<br />
* {{cite book |author1-last=Shanks |author1-first=Hershel |author1-mask=3 |title=Jerusalem: An Archaeological Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/jerusalemarchaeo0000shan |location=New York |publisher=[[Random House]] |date=1995 |isbn=9780679445265 |oclc=32778599 }}<br />
* {{cite book |author1-last=Shanks |author1-first=Hershel |author1-mask=3 |title=The Mystery and Meaning of the Dead Sea Scrolls |location=New York |publisher=Random House |date=1998 |isbn=9780679457572 |oclc=37499858 |url=https://archive.org/details/mysterymeaningo00shan }}<br />
* {{cite book |author1-last=Shanks |author1-first=Hershel |author1-mask=3 |others=Illustrated by Dave Clark |title=101 Best Jewish Jokes |location=Washington, DC |publisher=Moment Publications |date=1999 |isbn=9780967163208 |oclc=1026500545 }}<br />
* {{cite book |author1-last=Shanks |author1-first=Hershel |author1-mask=3 |author2-last=Witherington III |author2-first=Ben |author2-link=Ben Witherington III |title=The Brother of Jesus: The Dramatic Story & Meaning of the First Archaeological Link to Jesus & His Family |url=https://archive.org/details/brotherofjesusdr00hers |url-access=registration |location=San Francisco |publisher=[[HarperOne|HarperSanFrancisco]] |date=2003 |isbn=9780060556600 |oclc=51865713 }}<br />
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===Som redaktør===<br />
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Shanks |editor1-first=Hershel |editor1-mask=3 |editor2-last=Mazar |editor2-first=Benjamin |editor2-link=Benjamin Mazar |title=Recent Archaeology in the Land of Israel |location=Washington, DC |publisher=Biblical Archaeology Society |date=1984 |isbn=9780961308902 |oclc=10802842 |url=https://archive.org/details/recentarchaeolog00kinu }}<br />
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Shanks |editor1-first=Hershel |editor1-mask=3 |title=Ancient Israel: A Short History from Abraham to the Roman Destruction of the Temple |location=Washington, DC |publisher=Biblical Archaeology Society |date=1988 |isbn=9781880317532 |oclc=40395711 }}<br />
* Hershel Shanks, editor, ''Early Israel'', Biblical Archaeology Society 1990, {{ISBN|0-685-45487-8}}<br />
* Hershel Shanks, editor, ''Christianity and Rabbinic Judaism: A Parallel History of Their Origins and Early Development'', Biblical Archaeology Society 1992, {{ISBN|1-880317-08-7}}<br />
* Hershel Shanks, editor, ''Understanding the Dead Sea Scrolls: A Reader From the Biblical Archaeology Review'', [[Vintage Press]] reprint 1993, {{ISBN|0-679-74445-2}}<br />
* Hershel Shanks and Suzanne F. Singer, editors, ''Cancel My Subscription: The Best of Queries and Comments from Letters to Biblical Archaeology Review'', Biblical Archaeology Society 1995, {{ISBN|1-880317-44-3}}<br />
* Hershel Shanks, editor, ''Abraham & Family: New Insights into the Patriarchal Narratives'', Biblical Archaeology Society 2000, {{ISBN|1-880317-57-5}}<br />
* Hershel Shanks, editor, ''City of David: Revisiting Early Excavations'', English translations of Reports by [[Raymond Weill]] and [[Louis-Hugues Vincent]], Notes and Comments by [[Ronny Reich]], Biblical Archaeology Society 2004, {{ISBN|1-880317-70-2}}<br />
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===Memoarer===<br />
* {{cite book |author1-last=Shanks |author1-first=Hershel |author1-mask=3 |title=Freeing the Dead Sea Scrolls and Other Adventures of an Archaeology Outsider |url=https://archive.org/details/freeingdeadseasc0000shan |publisher=Continuum |date=2010 |isbn=978-1-4411-5217-6 }}<br />
==Referanser==<br />
<references/><br />
==Eksterne lenker==<br />
* [http://www.bib-arch.org/bar/ Biblical Archaeology Review] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bib-arch.org/bar/ |date=20080704171826 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704171826/http://bib-arch.org/bar/ |date=2008-07-04 }}<br />
* [https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org Biblical Archaeology Society]<br />
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