Redigerer Maria Ressa

{{infoboks forfatter}}
{{Nobelpristaker|type=Nobels fredspris|år=2021}}
[[File:PH1-RAPPLER-DSCF3442.jpg|thumb|Ressa intervjuer Filippinenes president president [[Benigno Aquino III]] i Malacañang Palace, 7. juni 2016]]
'''Maria Angelita Ressa''' (født 1963)<ref>{{cite web |title=Maria Ressa |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2021/ressa/facts/ |publisher=Nobelprize.org |access-date=8. oktober 2021}}</ref> er en filippinsk [[journalist]], forfatter og [[redaktør|sjefredaktør]] av den filippinske [[nettavis]]en [[Rappler]]. Hun ble i 2021 tildelt [[Nobels fredspris]]. Hun delte prisen med den russiske journalisten [[Dmitrij Muratov]].<ref name="nobelprize.summary">[https://archive.today/20211008090154/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2021/summary/ The Nobel Peace Prize 2021]</ref>

==Liv og virke==
=== Bakgrunn===
Ressa ble født på Filippinene. Hennes far døde da hun var ett år gammel. Hun vokste opp i [[Manila]] til hun var ni år gammel, da familien flyttet til [[Toms River]] i [[New Jersey]] i [[USA]]. Hun avsluttet [[High School|highschool]] i 1982.<ref>Amanda Oglesby: [https://eu.app.com/story/news/local/people/2018/12/31/time-person-year-toms-river-honored-times-square/2444907002/ ''TIME person of the year, from Toms River, to trigger Time Square ball dro'']. Ashbury Park Press, 31. desember 2018 </ref>

Hun studerte [[biologi]] og [[engelsk]] ved [[Princeton University]] (New Jersey), der hun fikk [[bachelor]] i engelsk, med karakteren ''cum laude''. Deretter dro hun med et [[Fulbright-programmet|Fulbright]]-stipendium for politisk teater tilbake til Manila. Hun fullførte et masterstudium ved [[University of the Philippines]] - Diliman, samtidig som hun startet sin journalistiske virksomhet.<ref>Tanya T. Lara: [https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/sunday-life/2003/12/21/232449/maria-ressa-writing-war-zones ''Maria Ressa: Writing from the war zones'']. Philstar,  21. desember 2003</ref><ref>Almond N. Aguila: [https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2005/09/04/294947/maria-ressa-best-yet-come ''Maria Ressa: The best is yet to come'']. Philstar, 4. september 2005 </ref>

===Journalist===
Ressa arbeidet for [[CNN]], først i [[Manila]] fra 1988 til 1995 og deretter i [[Jakarta]] fra 1995 til 2005. Som CNNs ledende undersøkende journalist i Asia spesialiserte hun seg på å undersøke terroristnettverk.{{Tr}} 

Fra 2004 til 2010 ledet Ressa nyhetsavdelingen for det filippinske fjernsyns- og online-konsernet [[ABS-CBN]]. Samtidig fortsatt hun sitt arbeid for CNN,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/OPINION/05/03/bin.laden.southeast.asia/index.html |titel=Spreading terror: From bin Laden to Facebook in Southeast Asia |zugriff=2019-01-26 |sprache=en}}</ref> og hun skrev også for ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]''.<ref>{{Literatur |Autor=Maria A. Ressa |Titel=Noynoy Flunks His First Test |Hrsg= |Sammelwerk=Wall Street Journal |Band= |Nummer= |Auflage= |Verlag= |Ort= |Datum=2010-09-06 |ISBN= |ISSN= |Seiten=en |Online=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703417104575474533645106048 |Abruf=2019-01-26}}</ref> I et åpent brev den 11. oktober 2010, meddelte Ressa at hun ikke kom til å forlenge sin seksårskontrakt med ABS-CBN.<ref>{{cite web |autor=ABS-CBN News |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/insights/10/11/10/maria-ressas-letter-abs-cbn-news-and-current-affairs-team |title=Maria Ressa's letter to ABS-CBN News and Current Affairs |date=2019-01-26}}</ref> 

Hun byttet jobb til ''Det internasjonale forskningssentrum for politisk vold og terrorisme'' (ICPVTR) tilknyttet S. Rajaratnam-instituttet for Internasjonale studier ved [[Nanyang teknologiske universitet|Nanyang Technological University]] i [[Singapore]] som ''Writer in Residence''.

Hun har skrevet to bøker om terrorismens vekst i Sørøst-Asia: ''Seeds of Terror: An Eyewitness Account of Al-Qaidas Newest Center'' (2011) og ''From Bin Laden to Facebook 10 Days of Abduction, 10 Years of Terrorism'' (2013). Hun har også skrevet om [[Bojinka-planen]], som ble avverget på Filippinene. Planen gikk ut på selvmordsattentat mot pave Johannes Paul II under hans Manilabesøk i 1995, tett etterfulgt av selvmordsbombing av elleve interkontinentale passasjerfly over Stillehavet.<ref name= ressa-missed>Ressa, Maria (2003) [http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/asiapcf/southeast/07/26/khalid.confession/index.html Philippines: U.S. missed 9/11 clues years ago] [[CNN]]</ref><ref name= ressa-Filipino>Ressa, Maria (2015) [https://www.rappler.com/specials/pope-francis-ph/80902-filipino-woman-save-pope Filipino Woman Save Pope] {{Wayback|url=https://www.rappler.com/specials/pope-francis-ph/80902-filipino-woman-save-pope |date=20190824192605 }} rappler.com 15. januar 2015, lest 1. september 2019</ref> 

Hun etablerte nettavisen Rappler i 2012. Nettavisen startet som en [[Facebook]]-side i august 2011 under navnet MovePH.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MovePH|url=http://facebook.com/rapplerdotcom/|website=Facebook|access-date=18. april 2020}}</ref> Den ble fra 1. januar 2012 en selvstendig webside.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Independent journalism with impact|url=https://www.rappler.com/about-rappler/about-us/184707-rappler-story-independent-journalism-impact|website=Rappler|access-date=18. april 2020|language=en}}</ref> Nettstedet er siden blitt en vesentlig nyhetsportal på [[Filippinene]] og har mottatt flere lokale og internasjonale priser.{{Tr}}

Ressa er en av 25 medlemmer av Information and Democracy Commission, som ble lansert i 2018 av [[Journalister uten grenser]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://rsf.org/en/declaration|date=5. november 2018|title=Declaration Information & Democracy Commission|accessdate=18. april 2020|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://rsf.org/en/maria-ressa|title=Information & Democracy Commission: Maria A. Ressa|accessdate=18. april 2020|language=en}}</ref>

I 2020 ble hun dømt for «cyberlibel» (bakvaskelse på internett)<ref name="aljazeeraconvicition2020">{{Cite news |last=Regencia |first=Ted |date=2020-06-15 |title=Maria Ressa found guilty in blow to Philippines' press freedom |language=en |work=aljazeera.com |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/6/15/maria-ressa-found-guilty-in-blow-to-philippines-press-freedom |url-status=live |access-date=2021-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112004522/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/6/15/maria-ressa-found-guilty-in-blow-to-philippines-press-freedom |archive-date=2020-11-12}}</ref><ref name="guardianCyberLibel">{{Cite news|last=Ratcliffe|first=Rebecca|date=15. juni 2020|title=Maria Ressa: Rappler editor found guilty of cyber libel charges in Philippines|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/15/maria-ressa-rappler-editor-found-guilty-of-cyber-libel-charges-in-philippines|access-date=June 15, 2020|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> rettet mot den filippinske regjering under [[Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012|Philippine Anti-Cybercrime law]].<ref name="DeutscheWelleConviction2020">{{Cite news |date=2020-06-15 |title=Philippines: Maria Ressa's cyber libel verdict 'a method of silencing dissent' |language=en-GB |work=Deutsche Welle (www.dw.com) |url=https://www.dw.com/en/philippines-maria-ressas-cyber-libel-verdict-a-method-of-silencing-dissent/a-53811284 |url-status=live |access-date=2021-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616034306/https://www.dw.com/en/philippines-maria-ressas-cyber-libel-verdict-a-method-of-silencing-dissent/a-53811284 |archive-date=2020-06-16}}</ref><ref name="bbcCybercrimeProtests">{{cite news |title=Philippine cybercrime law takes effect amid protests |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-19810474 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=3. oktober 2012}}</ref> Dette utløste protester fra menneskerettighetsgrupper og journalister som mente dommen innebar et angrep på pressefriheten.<ref name="cfwijCondemns">{{Cite web|date=2020-06-15|title=Philippines: CFWIJ condemns cyber libel conviction of Maria Ressa|url=https://womeninjournalism.org/cfwij-press-statements/cfwij-condemns-cyber-libel-conviction-of-maria-ressa|access-date=2020-06-29|website=[[The Coalition For Women In Journalism]]|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630003432/https://womeninjournalism.org/cfwij-press-statements/cfwij-condemns-cyber-libel-conviction-of-maria-ressa|url-status=yes}}</ref><ref name="durbinMarkeyLeahy">{{Cite web|date=2020-06-17|title=US Senators Durbin, Markey, Leahy slam Ressa libel verdict|url=https://usa.inquirer.net/55795/us-senators-durbin-markey-leahy-slam-ressa-libel-verdict|access-date=2020-06-29|website=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name="wapoConvictionMariaRessa">{{cite news |last1=Cabato |first1=Regine |title=Conviction of Maria Ressa, hard-hitting Philippine American journalist, sparks condemnation |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/maria-ressa-rappler-filipino-american-journalist-guilty-cyber-libel-prison/2020/06/14/0dc58872-ae9c-11ea-98b5-279a6479a1e4_story.html |work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=15. juni 2020}}</ref>

=== Nobels fredspris ===
Ressa ble nominert til [[Nobels fredspris]] for 2021 av [[Jonas Gahr Støre]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Flere fredsprisforslag før fristen gikk ut |url=https://www.aftenposten.no/norge/politikk/i/jBL23A/flere-fredsprisforslag-foer-fristen-gikk-ut |work=[[Aftenposten]] |date=31. januar 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hektisk nomineringsaktivitet før fredsprisfrist |url=https://www.dagsavisen.no/nyheter/verden/hektisk-nomineringsaktivitet-for-fredsprisfrist-1.1827991 |work=[[Dagsavisen]] |date=31. januar 2021}}</ref> Ressa og Muratov ble tildelt prisen med begrunnelsen «for their efforts to safeguard freedom of expression, which is a precondition for democracy and lasting peace».<ref>{{Kilde www|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2021/ressa/facts/|tittel=The Nobel Peace Prize 2021|besøksdato=2021-12-10|språk=en-US|verk=NobelPrize.org}}</ref> 

==Bokutgivelser==
* ''Seeds of Terror: An Eyewitness Account of Al-Qaidas Newest Center'' (Free Press 2011) {{ISBN|9781451636345}}
* ''From Bin Laden to Facebook: 10 Days of Abduction, 10 Years of Terrorism'' (ICP 2013) {{ISBN|9781908979537}}

== Priser og hedersbevisninger==
*1999 - Asian Television Awards for Indonesia <ref name="cnnbio">{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/CNN/anchors_reporters/ressa.maria.html|title=Maria Ressa|website=CNN|access-date=18. april 2020|language=en|archive-date=2020-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106073218/http://edition.cnn.com/CNN/anchors_reporters/ressa.maria.html|url-status=yes}}</ref>
* 2002 - National Headliner Award for Investigative Journalism <ref name=cnnbio/>
* 2004 - Honorable mention sammen med Ken Shiffman fra [[Overseas Press Club]] for CNN Presents dokumentar «Seeds of Terror». <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.warnermediagroup.com/newsroom/press-releases/2004/04/22/overseas-press-club-honors-cnn-with-two-awards|title=Overseas Press Club Honors CNN with Two Awards|website=Warner Media Group|date=22. april 2004|access-date=18. april 2020|language=en}}</ref> 
* 2007 - [[The Outstanding Women in the Nation's Service|The Outstanding Women in the Nation’s Service (TOWNS)]] (Philippines). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://townsfoundation.net/awardees.php|title=TOWNS Foundation, Inc. List of Awardees|website=TOWNS Foundation|access-date=18. april 2020|language=en|archive-date=2020-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223230620/http://townsfoundation.net/awardees.php|url-status=yes}}</ref> 
* 2015 - «Prisen Excellence In Broadcasting Lifetime Achievement» ved den 29. [[PMPC Star Awards for Television]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rappler.com/bulletin-board/114827-maria-ressa-lifetime-achievement-award-broadcasting-pmpc-star-awards-2015|title=Rappler CEO Maria Ressa gets lifetime achievement award at PMPC Star Awards|work=Rappler|access-date=18. april 2020|language=en}}</ref>
* 2016 - Ressa var omtalt som en av de åtte mest innflytelsesrike kvinnelige ledere på Filippinene av jobbrekrutteringssiten Kalibrr.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Poyen|last=Ramos|url=https://www.kalibrr.com/advice/2016/03/most-influential-and-powerful-women-leaders|title=8 Most Influential and Powerful Women Leaders|website=Kalibrr|access-date=28. april 2020|language=en}}</ref> 
* 2017 - 2017 Democracy Award fra [[National Democratic Institute|National Democratic Institute (NDI)]]. Hedersbevisningen gikk til Rappler. Ressa representerte Rappler i Washington, DC ved NDIs årlige ''middag for demokratiet'' hvor aftenens emne var ''Disinformasjon vs. Demokrati: kampen for fakta''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndi.org/our-stories/2017-democracy-dinner-explores-global-threat-disinformation|title=2017 Democracy Dinner Explores the Global Threat of Disinformation|date=2. november 2017|access-date=18. april 2020|language=en}}</ref> 
* 2018 - Golden Pen of Freedom fra [[World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers|World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers (WAN-IFRA)]]. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.journalism.co.uk/news/maria-ressa-executive-editor-of-rappler-receives-golden-pen-of-freedom/s2/a722933/|title=Maria Ressa, executive editor of Rappler, receives Golden Pen of Freedom|last=Albeanu|first=Catalina|date=7. juni 2018|work=Journalism.co.uk|access-date=18. april 2020|language=en}}</ref> 
* 2018 - Inngår i «The Guardians», en gruppe journalister som utnevnes som ''[[Time Magazine|Time]]'' [[Person of the Year|Person of the Year 2018]], for deres kamp i ''krigen mot sannheten''. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://time.com/person-of-the-year-2018-the-guardians/|title=TIME Person of the Year 2018: The Guardians|last=Vick|first=Karl|date=11. desember 2018|work=Time|access-date=18. april  2020|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url= https://www.today.com/news/time-person-year-2018-guardians-war-truth-t144911|date=11. desember 2018|newspaper=Today Show|title=Time's 2018 Person of the Year: 'The Guardians and the War on Truth'|author=Kim, Eun Kyung|accessdate=18. april 2020|language=en}}</ref> Ressa er den andre filippinske kvinne som får tittelen etter den tidligere president [[Corazon Aquino]] i 1986. 
* 2019 - Utnevnt av ''[[Time Magazine|Time]]'' som en av de ''100 mest innflytelsesrike mennesker i verden''. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2019/5567672/maria-ressa/|work=Time|title=Time 100 Most Influential People 2019: Maria Ressa|author=Albright, Madeleine|accessdate=18. april 2020|language=en}}</ref>
* 2019 - Columbia Journalism Award fra [[Columbia University]] Graduate School of Journalism, skolens høyeste heder, ''for dybden og kvaliteten av sitt arbeide, og for sitt mot og utholdenhet på området''. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://journalism.columbia.edu/Maria-Ressa-2019-Graduation/|date=20. mai 2019|work=Columbia University|title=Maria Ressa, Investigative Journalist and CEO of Rappler, To Receive The Columbia Journalism Award|accessdate=18. april 2020|language=en|archivedate=2019-12-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223213724/https://journalism.columbia.edu/Maria-Ressa-2019-Graduation|url-status=yes}}</ref>
* 2019 - Shorenstein Journalism Award fra [[Stanford University]] <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.stanford.edu/thedish/2019/05/29/philippines-investigative-journalist-and-press-freedom-beacon-maria-ressa-wins-2019-shorenstein-journalism-award/|date=29. mai 2019|work=Stanford University|title=Philippines investigative journalist and press freedom beacon Maria Ressa wins 2019 Shorenstein Journalism Award|accessdate=18. april 2020|language=en}}</ref>
* 2019 - «Tribute Honour» fra [[Canadian Journalism Foundation|Canadian Journalism Foundation (CJF)]], som anerkjenner en journalist som har hatt innflytelse på den internasjonale scene. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/canadian-journalism-foundation-to-recognize-embattled-journalist-maria-ressa-with-tribute-honour-829901020.html|date=4. mars 2019|work=newswire.ca|title=Canadian Journalism Foundation to recognize embattled journalist Maria Ressa with Tribute honour|accessdate=18. april 2020|language=en}}</ref>
* 2019 - Utnevnt av [[BBC]] i BBC 100 Kvinner 2019. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-50042279|title=BBC 100 Women 2019: Who is on the list this year?|website=BBC News|date=16. oktober 2019|accessdate=18. april 2020|language=en}}</ref>

==Referanser==
<references />

== Eksterne lenker ==
* [http://rappler.com Rappler]

{{Nobels fredsprisvinnere 2001–2025}}
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