Redigerer Homo rhodesiensis

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{{Taksoboks
| navn=''Homo rhodesiensis'' {{Rødliste|EX|3.1}}
| bilde=
| bildetekst= Kraniet [[Kabwe 1]] {{byline|Foto: J. Arthur Thomson|1922}}
| norsknavn= Rhodesiamennesket
| vitenskapsnavn=''Homo rhodesiensis''
| alder = 600 000 – 274 000 år siden
| autor= [[Arthur Smith Woodward]]
| autorår= 1921
| regnum = [[Dyreriket]]
| phylum = [[Ryggstrengdyr]]
| classis = [[Pattedyr]]
| ordo = [[Primater]]
| superfamilia = [[Menneskeaper]]
| familia = [[Hominidae|Store aper]]
| genus = [[Menneskeslekten]]
| overgrupper=}}
{{Taksoboks-art
| habitat=Afrika
| utbredelse=[[Sør-Afrika]], [[Rhodesia]], [[Tanzania]], [[Etiopia]]}}
'''''Homo rhodesiensis''''' (''Rhodesiamennesket'') er en utdødd menneskeart som levde i [[Afrika]] for mellom 600&nbsp;000 og 274&nbsp;000 år siden. Det er et artsnavn som ble foreslått av [[Arthur Smith Woodward]] (1921) for å klassifisere [[Kabwe 1]] ("Kabweskallen" eller "Broken Hill skallen", og "Rhodesiamannen"), et [[steinalder]] fossil som ble funnet i en hule i Broken Hill, eller [[Kabwe]],  [[Northern Rhodesia]] (idag [[Zambia]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/787018738 |title= GBIF 787018738 Fossil of ''Homo rhodesiensis'' Woodward, 1921 | publisher= GBIF org |access-date=9. desember 2015}}</ref>. Skallen er datert til å være mellom 324,000 og 274,000 år gammel. Andre lignende funn er også gjort.<ref name="Grün2020">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1038/s41586-020-2165-4| issn = 1476-4687| volume = 580| issue = 7803| pages = 372–375| last1 = Grün| first1 = Rainer| last2 = Pike| first2 = Alistair| last3 = McDermott| first3 = Frank| last4 = Eggins| first4 = Stephen| last5 = Mortimer| first5 = Graham| last6 = Aubert| first6 = Maxime| last7 = Kinsley| first7 = Lesley| last8 = Joannes-Boyau| first8 = Renaud| last9 = Rumsey| first9 = Michael| last10 = Denys| first10 = Christiane| last11 = Brink| first11 = James| last12 = Clark| first12 = Tara| last13 = Stringer| first13 = Chris| title = Dating the skull from Broken Hill, Zambia, and its position in human evolution| journal = Nature| date = 2020-04-01}}</ref>

''Homo rhodesiensis'' er nå for det meste betraktet som et synonym med ''[[Homo heidelbergensis]]'', eller en afrikansk underart av ''Homo heidelbergensis sensu lato'', forstått som en polymorf art som var spredt utover Afrika og Eurasia under  [[pleistocen]]perioden (0.8–0.12 mya).<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0018821 |title= The Stem Species of Our Species: A Place for the Archaic Human Cranium from Ceprano, Italy |journal= PLOS ONE |volume= 6 |issue= 4 |pages= e18821 |date= 20. april 2011 |access-date=10. desember 2015|doi= 10.1371/journal.pone.0018821 |pmid= 21533096 |last1= Mounier |first1= Aurélien |last2= Condemi |first2= Silvana |last3= Manzi |first3= Giorgio |pmc=3080388}}
"Ceprano clusters in our analysis with other European, African and Asian Mid-Pleistocene specimens – such as Petralona, Dali, Kabwe, Jinniu Shan, Steinheim, and SH5 – furnishing a rather plesiomorphic phenetic link among them.
On the basis of this morphological affinity, it seems appropriate to group Ceprano with these fossils, and consider them as a single taxon. The available nomen for this putative species is ''H. heidelbergensis'', whose distinctiveness stands on the retention of a number of archaic traits combined with features that are more derived and independent from any Neandertal ancestry. [...]
This result would suggest that ''H. ergaster'' survived as a distinct species until 1 Ma, and would discard the validity of the species ''H. cepranensis''  [...] Thus we can include the so-called “Ante-Neandertals” from Europe in the same taxonomical unit with other Mid-Pleistocene samples from Africa and continental Asia. Combining the results of the two approaches of our phenetic analysis, Ceprano should be reasonably accommodated as part of a Mid-Pleistocene human taxon ''H. heidelbergensis'', which would include European, African, and Asian specimens. Moreover, the combination of archaic and derived features exhibited by the Italian specimen represents a “node” connecting the different poles of such a polymorphic humanity."</ref>
Andre benevnelser som ''Homo sapiens arcaicus''<ref name="Birx2010">{{cite book|author=H. James Birx|title=21st Century Anthropology: A Reference Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fsF1AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT48|date=10. juni 2010|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-4522-6630-5|page=48}}</ref> og ''Homo sapiens rhodesiensis''<ref name="Wood2011">{{cite book|author=Bernard Wood|title=Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Human Evolution, 2 Volume Set|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=440TmWXToLAC&pg=PT761|date=31. mars 2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4443-4247-5|pages=761–762}}</ref> har også blitt foreslått. White et al. (2003) forslo Rhodesian Man som stamfaren til ''[[Homo sapiens idaltu]]'' (Hertomennesket).<ref name="White03">{{Cite journal |last1=White |first1=Tim D. |author-link=Tim White (anthropologist) |last2=Asfaw |first2=B. |last3=DeGusta |first3=D. |last4=Gilbert |first4=H. |last5=Richards |first5=G. D. |last6=Suwa |first6=G. |last7=Howell |first7=F. C. |year=2003 |title=Pleistocene ''Homo sapiens'' from Middle Awash, Ethiopia |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=423 |issue=6491 |pages=742–747 |doi=10.1038/nature01669|pmid=12802332  |s2cid=4432091 }}</ref>

Mellom ''Homo sapiens'' og ''Homo rhodesiensis'' er det et fossilt gap på 400,000 til 260,000 år.<ref>Hublin, J.-J. (2013), "The Middle Pleistocene Record. On the Origin of Neandertals, Modern Humans and Others" in: David R. Begun (ed.), ''A Companion to Paleoanthropology'', John Wiley, pp. 517-537 (summary 529–531).
"Most, if not all, of the African specimens assigned to ''H. rhodesiensis (''cf heidelbergensis'')  seem to predate the divergence between ''H. neanderthalensis'' and ''H. sapiens'' [viz., assumed at 0.5 Mya prior to the revision by Meyer et al. 2016]. However, a gap in the fossil record, possibly between 400 and 260 ka, blurs the transition or punctuation event that separated ''H. rhodesiensis'' and ''H. sapiens''." (p. 532).</ref>

==Referanser==
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[[Kategori:Heidelbergmennesket]]