Redigerer Fedme (avsnitt)

=== Sykelighet ===
Fedme øker risikoen for mange fysiske og psykiske lidelser. Disse lidelsene vises oftest i [[metabolsk syndrom]],<ref name="HaslamJames"/> en kombinasjon av somatiske lidelser som omfatter diabetes mellitus type 2, [[Hypertensjon|høyt blodtrykk]], høyt kolesterolnivå og høye triglyseridnivåer.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Grundy SM |title=Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=89 |issue=6 |pages=2595–600 |year=2004 |pmid=15181029 |doi=10.1210/jc.2004-0372}}</ref>

Komplikasjoner er enten direkte forårsaket av fedme eller indirekte relatert gjennom mekanismer som deler en felles årsak, for eksempel en dårlig diett eller en stillesittende livsstil. Styrken i sammenhengen mellom fedme og spesifikke lidelser varierer. En av de sterkeste sammenhengene er med type 2 diabetes. Overflødig kroppsfett ligger bak 64&nbsp;% av tilfellene av diabetes hos menn og 77&nbsp;% av tilfellene hos kvinner.<ref>Seidell 2005 s.9</ref>

Helsekonsekvensene faller inn i to hovedkategorier: de er knyttet til virkningene av økt fettmasse (for eksempel [[artrose]], [[Obstruktivt søvnapnesyndrom|obstruktiv søvnapné]], sosial stigmatisering), og de som skyldes økt antall fettceller [[Diabetes mellitus|(diabetes]], [[kreft]], [[Hjerte- og karsykdommer|hjerte- og karsykdommer]] og ikke-alkoholisk fettleversykdom).<ref name="HaslamJames"/><ref name="Bray2004">{{cite journal |author=Bray GA |title=Medical consequences of obesity |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=89 |issue=6 |pages=2583–9 |year=2004 |pmid=15181027 |doi=10.1210/jc.2004-0535}}</ref> Økninger i kroppsfett endrer kroppens respons på insulin, noe som kan føre til insulinresistens. Økt fett skaper også en [[Betennelse|proinflammatorisk tilstand]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Shoelson SE, Herrero L, Naaz A |title=Obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_gastroenterology_2007-05_132_6/page/2169 |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=132 |issue=6 |pages=2169–80 |year=2007 |month=mai |pmid=17498510 |doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2007.03.059}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Shoelson SE, Lee J, Goldfine AB |title=Inflammation and insulin resistance |journal=J. Clin. Invest. |volume=116 |issue=7 |pages=1793–801 |year=2006 |month=juli |pmid=16823477 |pmc=1483173 |doi=10.1172/JCI29069 |url=http://www.jci.org/articles/view/29069}}</ref> og en protrombotisk tilstand.<ref name="Bray2004"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Dentali F, Squizzato A, Ageno W |title=The metabolic syndrome as a risk factor for venous and arterial thrombosis |journal=Semin. Thromb. Hemost. |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=451–7 |year=2009 |month=juli |pmid=19739035 |doi=10.1055/s-0029-1234140}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
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! Medisinsk felt
! Tilstand
! Medisinsk felt
! Tilstand
|-
<!--Alphabetized-->|width=10&nbsp;%| [[Kardiologi]]
|
* [[iskemisk hjertesykdom]]:<ref name=Yusuf2004>{{cite journal | author=Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Dans T, Avezum A, Lanas F, McQueen M, Budaj A, Pais P, Varigos J, Lisheng L, INTERHEART Study Investigators. | title=Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): Case-control study|journal=Lancet | year=2004 | pages=937–52 | volume=364 | pmid=15364185 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17018-9 | issue=9438}}</ref> [[angina pectoris|angina]] og [[hjerteinfarkt]]
* [[hjertesvikt]]<ref name=HaslamJames/>
* [[høyt blodtrykk]]<ref name=HaslamJames/>
* [[Dyslipidemi|unormale kolesterolnivåer]]<ref name=HaslamJames/>
* [[dyp venetrombose]] og [[lungeemboli]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Darvall KA, Sam RC, Silverman SH, Bradbury AW, Adam DJ |title=Obesity and thrombosis |journal=Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=223–33 |year=2007 |month=februar |pmid=17185009 |doi=10.1016/j.ejvs.2006.10.006}}</ref>
| <!--Alphabetized-->[[Dermatologi]]
|
* [[strekkmerker]]<ref name=derm2007/>
* [[acanthosis nigricans]]<ref name=derm2007>{{cite journal |author=Yosipovitch G, DeVore A, Dawn A |title=Obesity and the skin: skin physiology and skin manifestations of obesity |journal=J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. |volume=56 |issue=6 |pages=901–16; quiz 917–20 |year=2007 |month=juni |pmid=17504714 |doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2006.12.004 |url=}}</ref>
* [[lymfødem]]<ref name=derm2007/>
* [[cellulitt]]<ref name=derm2007/>
* [[hirsutisme]]<ref name=derm2007/>
* [[intertrigo]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hahler B |title=An overview of dermatological conditions commonly associated with the obese patient |journal=Ostomy Wound Manage |volume=52 |issue=6 |pages=34–6, 38, 40 passim |year=2006 |month=juni |pmid=16799182 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
|-
| <!--Alphabetized-->[[Endokrinologi]] og [[Reproduksjonsmedisin]]
|
* [[diabetes mellitus]]<ref name=HaslamJames/>
* [[polycystisk ovariesyndrom]]<ref name=HaslamJames/>
* [[menstruasjon]]sforstyrrelser<ref name=HaslamJames/>
* [[ufrivillig barnløshet|infertilitet]]<ref name=HaslamJames/><ref name=OBGYN2008>{{cite journal |author=Arendas K, Qiu Q, Gruslin A |title=Obesity in pregnancy: pre-conceptional to postpartum consequences |journal=J Obstet Gynaecol Can |volume=30 |issue=6 |pages=477–88 |year=2008 |month=juni |pmid=18611299 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* [[fedme i svangerskapet|komplikasjoner under svangerskapet]]<ref name=HaslamJames/><ref name=OBGYN2008/>
* [[medfødte defekter]]<ref name=HaslamJames/>
* [[dødfødsel|intrauterin fosterdød]]<ref name=OBGYN2008/>
| <!--Alphabetized-->[[Gastroenterologi]]
|
* [[Gastroøsofageal refluks|gastroøsofagealt reflukssykdom]]<ref name=HaslamJames/><ref name=GERD2008>{{cite journal |author=Anand G, Katz PO |title=Gastroesophageal reflux disease and obesity |journal=Rev Gastroenterol Disord |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=233–9 |year=2008 |pmid=19107097 |doi= |url=http://www.medreviews.com/pubmed.cfm?j=3&v=8&i=4&p=233 |accessdate=2010-11-23 |archivedate=2016-09-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918092414/http://www.medreviews.com/pubmed.cfm?j=3&v=8&i=4&p=233 }}</ref>
* [[non-alcoholic fettlever|fettlever]]<ref name=HaslamJames/>
* [[gallestein]]<ref name=HaslamJames/>
|-
| <!--Alphabetized-->[[Nevrologi]]
| width=40%|
* [[hjerneslag]]<ref name=HaslamJames/>
* [[meralgia paresthetica]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Harney D, Patijn J |title=Meralgia paresthetica: diagnosis and management strategies |journal=Pain Med |volume=8 |issue=8 |pages=669–77 |year=2007 |pmid=18028045 |doi=10.1111/j.1526-4637.2006.00227.x |url=}}</ref>
* [[migrene]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bigal ME, Lipton RB |title=Obesity and chronic daily headache |journal=Curr Pain Headache Rep |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=56–61 |year=2008 |month=januar |pmid=18417025 |doi= 10.1007/s11916-008-0011-8|url=}}</ref>
* [[karpaltunnelsyndrom]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sharifi-Mollayousefi A, Yazdchi-Marandi M, Ayramlou H, ''et al.'' |title=Assessment of body mass index and hand anthropometric measurements as independent risk factors for carpal tunnel syndrome |journal=Folia Morphol. (Warsz) |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=36–42 |year=2008 |month=februar |pmid=18335412 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* [[demens]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Beydoun MA, Beydoun HA, Wang Y |title=Obesity and central obesity as risk factors for incident dementia and its subtypes: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Obes Rev |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=204–18 |year=2008 |month=mai |pmid=18331422 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-789X.2008.00473.x}}</ref>
* [[idiopatisk intrakraniell hypertensjon]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Wall M |title=Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri) |journal=Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=87–93 |year=2008 |month=mars |pmid=18460275 |doi= 10.1007/s11910-008-0015-0|url=}}</ref>
* [[multippel sklerose]]<ref>Munger KL, Chitnis T, Ascherio A. (2009). Body size and risk of MS in two cohorts of US women. Neurology. 73(19):1543-50. {{DOI|10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181c0d6e0}} PMID 19901245</ref>
| <!--Alphabetized-->[[Onkologi]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Calle EE, Rodriguez C, Walker-Thurmond K, Thun MJ |title=Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. adults |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=348 |issue=17 |pages=1625–38 |year=2003 |month=april |pmid=12711737 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa021423}}</ref>
|
* [[brystkreft|bryst]], [[eggstokkreft|eggstokker]]
* [[spiserørskreft|spiserør]], [[tarmkreft|kolorektal]]
* [[leverkreft|lever]], [[bukspyttkjertelkreft|bukspyttkjertel]]
* [[galleblærekreft|galleblære]], [[magekreft|magesekk]]
* [[livmorkreft|livmor]], [[livmorhalskreft|livmorhals]]
* [[prostatakreft|prostata]], [[nyrekreft|nyre]]
* [[non-Hodgkins lymfom]], [[multippelt myelom]]
|-
| width=10%| <!--Alphabetized-->[[Psykiatri]]
| width=40%|
* [[depresjon]] hos kvinner<ref name=HaslamJames/>
* sosial [[stigmatisering]]<ref name=HaslamJames/>
| <!--Alphabetized-->[[Respirasjon]]
|
* [[søvnapne|obstruktiv søvnapne]]<ref name=HaslamJames/><ref name=Poulain>{{cite journal |author=Poulain M, Doucet M, Major GC, ''et al.'' |title=The effect of obesity on chronic respiratory diseases: pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies |journal=CMAJ |volume=174 |issue=9 |pages=1293–9 |year=2006 |month=april |pmid=16636330 |pmc=1435949 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.051299 |url=http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/174/9/1293}}</ref>
* [[fedme hypoventilasjonssyndrom]]<ref name=HaslamJames/><ref name=Poulain/>
* [[astma]]<ref name=HaslamJames/><ref name=Poulain/>
* økte komplikasjoner under [[Anestesi#Narkose|generell anestesi]]<ref name=HaslamJames/><ref name="Anes2000">{{cite journal |author=Adams JP, Murphy PG |title=Obesity in anaesthesia and intensive care |journal=Br J Anaesth |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=91–108 |year=2000 |month=juli |pmid=10927998 |doi= 10.1093/bja/85.1.91|url=http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/85/1/91}}</ref>
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| <!--Alphabetized-->[[Revmatologi]] og [[Ortopedi]]
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* [[gikt]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Choi HK, Atkinson K, Karlson EW, Curhan G |title=Obesity, weight change, hypertension, diuretic use, and risk of gout in men: the health professionals follow-up study |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=165 |issue=7 |pages=742–8 |year=2005 |month=april |pmid=15824292 |doi=10.1001/archinte.165.7.742 |url= }}</ref>
* dårlig mobilitet<ref>{{cite journal |author=Tukker A, Visscher T, Picavet H |title=Overweight and health problems of the lower extremities: osteoarthritis, pain and disability |journal=Public Health Nutr |volume= 12|issue= 3|pages=1–10 |year=2008 |month=april |pmid=18426630 |doi=10.1017/S1368980008002103 |url=}}</ref>
* [[osteoartritt]]<ref name=HaslamJames/>
* [[korsryggsmerter]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Molenaar EA, Numans ME, van Ameijden EJ, Grobbee DE |title=[Considerable comorbidity in overweight adults: results from the Utrecht Health Project] |language=Dutch; Flemish |journal=Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd |volume=152 |issue=45 |pages=2457–63 |year=2008 |month=november |pmid=19051798 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| <!--Alphabetized-->[[Urologi]] og [[Nefrologi]]
|
* [[erektil dysfunksjon]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Esposito K, Giugliano F, Di Palo C, Giugliano G, Marfella R, D'Andrea F, D'Armiento M, Giugliano D |title=Effect of lifestyle changes on erectile dysfunction in obese men: A randomized controlled trial |journal=JAMA |volume=291 |issue=24 |pages=2978–84 |year=2004 |pmid=15213209 |doi=10.1001/jama.291.24.2978}}</ref>
* [[urininkontinens]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hunskaar S |title=A systematic review of overweight and obesity as risk factors and targets for clinical intervention for urinary incontinence in women |journal=Neurourol. Urodyn. |volume=27 |issue=8 |pages=749–57 |year=2008 |pmid=18951445 |doi=10.1002/nau.20635 |url=}}</ref>
* [[kronisk nyresvikt]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ejerblad E, Fored CM, Lindblad P, Fryzek J, McLaughlin JK, Nyrén O |title=Obesity and risk for chronic renal failure |journal=J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=1695–702 |year=2006 |pmid=16641153 |doi=10.1681/ASN.2005060638}}</ref>
* [[hypogonadisme]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Makhsida N, Shah J, Yan G, Fisch H, Shabsigh R |title=Hypogonadism and metabolic syndrome: Implications for testosterone therapy |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-urology_2005-09_174_3/page/827 |journal=J. Urol. |volume=174 |issue=3 |pages=827–34 |year=2005 |month=september |pmid=16093964 |doi=10.1097/01.ju.0000169490.78443.59}}</ref>
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