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== Noter og referanser == ;Noter {{Løpenummer|lower-alpha}} <references group="lower-alpha"> <ref name="amazonsk periode" group="lower-alpha">Den ''amazonske perioden'' går fra 2,9–3,3 milliarder år siden til i dag. Amazonske regioner har få kratre etter [[Kosmisk nedslag|meteorittnedslag]], men er ellers ganske variert. [[Olympus Mons]] ble dannet under denne perioden, sammen med øvrige lavastrømmer på Mars.</ref> <ref name="ekvatordiameter" group="lower-alpha">Beste tilpassede [[ellipsoide]]</ref> <ref name="hesperisk periode" group="lower-alpha">Den ''hesperiske perioden'' varte fra 3,5 milliarder år siden til 2,9–3,3 milliarder år siden. Perioden er preget av dannelsen av de omfattende lavaslettene.</ref> <ref name="inklinasjon" group="lower-alpha">1.850 ° mot [[ekliptikken]], 5.65 ° mot [[solen]]s [[ekvator]] og 1.67 ° mot det konstante planet.</ref> <ref name="noachisk periode" group="lower-alpha">Den ''noachiske perioden'' inneholdt dannelsen av de eldste bevarte flatene på Mars, 4,5–3,5 milliarder år siden. Overflater fra denne tidsperioden er merket av mange store nedslagskratre. [[Tharsis]]-platået, et vulkansk høyland, er antatt å ha blitt dannet i denne perioden med omfattende oversvømmelser av flytende vann sent i perioden.</ref> <ref name="serpentinisering" group="lower-alpha">Der er mange [[serpentinitt|serpentiniseringsreaksjoner]]. [[Olivin]] er en fast løsning mellom forsteritt og fayalitt hvis generell formel er <math>(Fe,Mg)_2SiO_4</math>. Reaksjonen som produserer metan fra olivin kan skrives som: ''fosteritt + fayalitt + vann + karbonsyre → serpentin + magnetitt + metan'', eller (i balansert form): <math>18 Mg_2SiO_4 + 6 Fe_2SiO_4 + 26 H_2O + CO_2</math> → <math>12 Mg_3Si_2O_5(OH)_4 + 4 Fe_3O_4 + CH_4</math></ref> </references> ;Litteraturhenvisninger <references group="L"> <ref name="barlow08" group="L">[[#Barlow2008|Barlow]] (2008) s. 21</ref> <ref name="bolonkin09" group="L">[[#Bolonkin2009|Bolonkin]] (2009) s. 599-625</ref> <ref name="carr06" group="L">[[#Carr2006|Carr]] (2006) s. 16</ref> <ref name="glenday09" group="L">[[#Glenday2009|Glenday]] (2009) s. 12</ref> <ref name="hannsson97" group="L">[[#Hansson1997|Hansson]] (1997)</ref> <ref name="lodders1998" group="L">[[#Lodders1998|Lodders]] (1998) s. 190</ref> <ref name="lunine99" group="L">[[#Lunine1999|Lunine]] (1999) s. 183</ref> <ref name="zharkov93" group="L">[[#Zharkov1993|Zharkov]] (1993) s. 7-17</ref> </references> ;Tidsskriftsartikler, nettutgivelser o.l. <references> <ref name="barlow88">{{Cite conference|author=Barlow, N. G.|date=5.–7. oktober 1988|title=Conditions on Early Mars: Constraints from the Cratering Record|booktitle=MEVTV Workshop on Early Tectonic and Volcanic Evolution of Mars. LPI Technical Report 89-04|page=15|publisher=Lunar and Planetary Institute|location=Easton, Maryland|editors=H. Frey|bibcode=1989eamd.work...15B}}</ref> <ref name="esa050221">{{Cite news|title=Mars pictures reveal frozen sea|publisher=ESA|author=Staff|date=21. februar 2005|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4285119.stm|accessdate=1. november 2011}}</ref> <ref name="icarus213_2_451">{{Citation| display-authors=1 | last1=Rivoldini | first1=A. | last2=van Hoolst | first2=T. | last3=Verhoeven | first3=O. | last4=Mocquet | first4=A. | last5=Dehant | first5=V. | title=Geodesy constraints on the interior structure and composition of Mars | journal=Icarus | volume=213 | issue=2 | pages=451–472 | month=June | year=2011 | doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2011.03.024 | bibcode=2011Icar..213..451R }}</ref> <ref name="icarus165_1">{{Cite journal|language=engelsk|author=Lunine, Jonathan I.; Chambers, John; Morbidelli, Alessandro; Leshin, Laurie A.|title=The origin of water on Mars|journal=Icarus|volume=165|issue=1|pages=1–8|year=2003|doi=10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00172-6|bibcode=2003Icar..165....1L}}</ref> <ref name="icarus168_1">{{Cite journal|language=engelsk|author=Clancy, R. T.; Sandor, B. J.; Moriarty-Schieven, G. H.|title=A measurement of the 362 GHz absorption line of Mars atmospheric H2O2|journal=Icarus|volume=168|issue=1|pages=116–121|year=2004|doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2003.12.003|bibcode=2004Icar..168..116C}}</ref> <ref name="icarus169">{{Cite journal|language=engelsk|author=Mellon, J. T.; Feldman, W. C.; Prettyman, T. H.|title=The presence and stability of ground ice in the southern hemisphere of Mars|journal=Icarus|year=2003|volume=169|issue=2|pages=324–340|bibcode=2004Icar..169..324M|doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2003.10.022}}</ref> <ref name="jacque03">{{Cite news|author=Jacqué, Dave|url=http://www.anl.gov/Media_Center/News/2003/030926mars.htm|title=APS X-rays reveal secrets of Mars' core|publisher=Argonne National Laboratory|date=26. september 2003|accessdate=2011-10-19}}</ref> <ref name="jog91">{{Cite journal|language=engelsk|last=Tanaka|first=K. L.|year=1986|title=The Stratigraphy of Mars|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research|volume=91|issue=B13|pages=E139–E158|doi=10.1029/JB091iB13p0E139|bibcode=1986JGR....91..139T}}</ref> <ref name="magnetosphere">{{Kilde www|url=http://mgs-mager.gsfc.nasa.gov/Kids/magfield.html |tittel=Magnetic Fields and Mars |besøksdato=2011-11-01 |forfatter=Valentine, Theresa; Amde, Lishan |utgivelsesdato=2006-11-09 |utgiver=Mars Global Surveyor @ NASA |arkiv_url=https://archive.today/20120914152639/http://mgs-mager.gsfc.nasa.gov/Kids/magfield.html |arkivdato=2012-09-14 |språk=engelsk |url-status=død }}</ref> <ref Name="MallamaSky">{{Cite journal|language=engelsk|author=Mallama, A.|title=Planetary magnitudes|journal=Sky and Telescope|volume=121(1)|pages=51–56|year=2011}}</ref> <ref name="marswater">{{Kilde www|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mars/news/mgs-20061206.html |tittel=NASA Images Suggest Water Still Flows in Brief Spurts on Mars |besøksdato=2011-11-01 |utgivelsesdato=2006-12-06 |utgiver=NASA/JPL |arkiv_url=https://archive.today/20120914152741/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mars/news/mgs-20061206.html |arkivdato=2012-09-14 |språk=engelsk |url-status=død }}</ref> <ref name="nasa_hematitt">{{Kilde www|url=http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2001/ast28mar_1.htm |tittel=The Lure of Hematite |besøksdato=2011-11-01 |utgivelsesdato=2001-03-28 |verk=Science@NASA |utgiver=NASA |arkiv_url=https://archive.today/20120914152901/http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2001/ast28mar_1/ |arkivdato=2012-09-14 |språk=engelsk |url-status=død }}</ref> <ref name="Nimmo 2005">{{Cite journal| last1=Nimmo | first1=Francis | last2=Tanaka | first2=Ken | doi=10.1146/annurev.earth.33.092203.122637 | title=Early Crustal Evolution Of Mars | year=2005 | page=133 | issue=1 | volume=33 | journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences | bibcode=2005AREPS..33..133N }}</ref> <ref name="northcratersn">{{Kilde www|url=http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/33622/title/Impact_may_have_transformed_Mars_ |tittel=Impact May Have Transformed Mars |besøksdato=2008-08-12 |utgivelsesdato=2008-07-19 |utgiver=ScienceNews.org |arkiv_url=https://archive.today/20120914153420/http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/33622/title/Impact_may_have_transformed_Mars_ |arkivdato=2012-09-14 |språk=engelsk |forfatter=Yeager, Ashley |url-status=død }}</ref> <ref name="northcraterguard">{{Cite news|date=26. juni 2008|title=Cataclysmic impact created north-south divide on Mars|publisher=Science @ guardian.co.uk|first=Ian|last=Sample|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2008/jun/26/mars.asteroid?gusrc=rss&feed=science|accessdate=2011-11-01|location=London}}</ref> <ref name="nyt080626">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/26/science/space/26mars.html?em&ex=1214712000&en=bd0be05a87523855&ei=5087%0A|title=Huge Meteor Strike Explains Mars’s Shape, Reports Say|publisher=New York Times|accessdate=2008-06-27|first=Kenneth|last=Chang|date=26. juni 2008}}</ref> <ref name="plates">{{Kilde www|url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2005/mgs_plates.html |tittel=New Map Provides More Evidence Mars Once Like Earth |besøksdato=2011-10-29 |utgiver=NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center |arkiv_url=https://archive.today/20120914153601/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2005/mgs_plates.html |arkivdato=2012-09-14 |språk=engelsk |url-status=død }}</ref> <ref name="rust">{{Kilde www|url=http://www.bioedonline.org/news/news-print.cfm?art=953 |tittel=How Mars got its rust |besøksdato=2011-11-01 |verk=BioEd Online |utgiver=MacMillan Publishers Ltd. |arkiv_url=https://archive.today/20120914153630/http://www.bioedonline.org/news/news-print.cfm?art=953 |arkivdato=2012-09-14 |språk=engelsk |forfatter=Peplow, Mark |url-status=død }}</ref> <ref name="sci300a">{{Cite journal|language=engelsk|last=Christensen|first=Philip R.|coauthors=''et al''.|date=27. juni 2003|title=Morphology and Composition of the Surface of Mars: Mars Odyssey THEMIS Results|journal=Science|volume=300|issue=5628|pages=2056–2061|doi=10.1126/science.1080885|pmid=12791998|bibcode=2003Sci...300.2056C }}</ref> <ref name="sci300b">{{Cite journal|language=engelsk|last=Golombek|first=Matthew P.|date=27. juni 2003|title=The Surface of Mars: Not Just Dust and Rocks|journal=Science|volume=300|issue=5628|pages=2043–2044|doi=10.1126/science.1082927|pmid=12829771}}</ref> <ref name="sciam080627">{{Kilde www|url=http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=giant-asteroid-flattened|tittel=Giant Asteroid Flattened Half of Mars, Studies Suggest|besøksdato=2011-11-01|utgiver=Scientific American}}</ref> <ref name="science294_5548">{{Cite journal|language=engelsk|author=Krasnopolsky, Vladimir A.; Feldman, Paul D.|title=Detection of Molecular Hydrogen in the Atmosphere of Mars|journal=Science|volume=294|issue=5548|pages=1914–1917|year=2001|pmid=11729314|doi=10.1126/science.1065569|bibcode=2001Sci...294.1914K}}</ref> <ref name="Seidelmann2007">{{Cite journal|language=engelsk|last=Seidelmann|first=P. Kenneth|coauthors=Archinal, B. A.; A'hearn, M. F.; ''et al''.|title=Report of the IAU/IAG Working Group on cartographic coordinates and rotational elements: 2006|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_celestial-mechanics-and-dynamical-astronomy_2007_98_3/page/155|journal=Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy|volume=98|issue=3|pages=155–180|year=2007|doi=10.1007/s10569-007-9072-y|bibcode=2007CeMDA..98..155S}}</ref> <ref name="specials1">{{Kilde www|url=http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Mars_Express/SEMGKA808BE_0.html|tittel=Water ice in crater at Martian north pole|besøksdato=2011-11-01|utgivelsesdato=2005-07-28|utgiver=ESA}}</ref> <ref name="spacecraft1">{{Kilde www|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/phoenix/news/phoenix-20080731.html|tittel=NASA Spacecraft Confirms Martian Water, Mission Extended|besøksdato=2011-11-01|utgivelsesdato=2008-07-31|utgiver=Science @ NASA|arkiv-dato=2012-04-18|arkiv-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418005710/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/phoenix/news/phoenix-20080731.html|url-status=yes}}</ref> <ref name="ssr96_1_4_197">{{Cite journal|language=engelsk|doi=10.1023/A:1011997206080|author=Halliday, A. N.; Wänke, H.; Birck, J.-L.; Clayton, R. N.|year=2001|title=The Accretion, Composition and Early Differentiation of Mars|journal=Space Science Reviews|volume=96|issue=1/4|pages=197–230|bibcode=2001SSRv...96..197H}}</ref> <ref name="strømmende vann">{{Kilde www|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/MRO/news/mro20110804.html|tittel=NASA Spacecraft Data Suggest Water Flowing on Mars|språk=engelsk|besøksdato=2011-08-22|arkiv-dato=2016-03-04|arkiv-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075750/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/MRO/news/mro20110804.html|url-status=yes}}</ref> <ref name="webster_beasley05">{{Kilde www|url=http://mpfwww.jpl.nasa.gov/mgs/newsroom/20050920a.html |tittel=Orbiter's Long Life Helps Scientists Track Changes on Mars |besøksdato=2011-11-01 |forfatter=Webster, G.; Beasley, D. |utgivelsesdato=2005-09-20 |utgiver=NASA |url-status=død |arkivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070430085506/http://mpfwww.jpl.nasa.gov/mgs/newsroom/20050920a.html |arkivdato=2007-04-30 }}</ref> <ref name="ssr_96_1_4">{{Cite journal|language=engelsk|doi=10.1023/A:1011945222010|title=Cratering Chronology and the Evolution of Mars|author=Hartmann, William K.; Neukum, Gerhard|journal=Space Science Reviews|volume=96|issue=1/4|pages=165–194|year=2001|bibcode=2001SSRv...96..165H}}</ref> <ref name="ag44_4">{{Cite journal|language=engelsk|author=Mitchell, Karl L.; Wilson, Lionel|title=Mars: recent geological activity : Mars: a geologically active planet|journal=Astronomy & Geophysics|volume=44|issue=4|pages=4.16–4.20|year=2003|doi=10.1046/j.1468-4004.2003.44416.x|bibcode=2003A&G....44d..16M}}</ref> <ref name="dc080304">{{Kilde www|url=http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2008/03/04/mars-avalanche.html|tittel=Mars avalanche caught on camera|besøksdato=2011-11-02|utgivelsesdato=2008-03-04|verk=Discovery Channel|utgiver=Discovery Communications}}</ref> <ref name="bbc080627">{{Cite news|title=Martian soil 'could support life'|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7477310.stm|publisher=BBC News|date=27. juni 2008|accessdate=2011-11-01}}</ref> <ref name="marssalt">{{Cite news|url=http://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/space/2008-08-04-mars-soil_N.htm|title=Scientists: Salt in Mars soil not bad for life|last=Chang|first=Alicia|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=2011-11-01|date=5. august 2008|work=USA Today}}</ref> <ref name="jpl_soil">{{Kilde www|url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/phoenix/release.php?ArticleID=1816|tittel=NASA Spacecraft Analyzing Martian Soil Data|besøksdato=2011-11-01|utgiver=JPL|arkiv-dato=2017-05-22|arkiv-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170522063940/https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/phoenix/release.php?ArticleID=1816|url-status=yes}}</ref> <ref name="jpl_dust_devil">{{Kilde www|url=http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/ESP_013751_1115|tittel=Dust Devil Etch-A-Sketch (ESP_013751_1115)|besøksdato=2011-11-01|utgivelsesdato=2009-07-02|utgiver=NASA/JPL/University of Arizona}}</ref> <ref name="gpl29_23_41">{{Cite journal|author=Schorghofer, Norbert; Aharonson, Oded; Khatiwala, Samar|title=Slope streaks on Mars: Correlations with surface properties and the potential role of water|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|volume=29|issue=23|pages=41-1|month=desember|year=2002|doi=10.1029/2002GL015889|bibcode=2002GeoRL..29w..41S }}</ref> <ref name="oleb33_4_515">{{Cite journal|author=Gánti, Tibor|coauthors=''et al.''|title=Dark Dune Spots: Possible Biomarkers on Mars?|journal=Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere|volume=33|issue=4|pages=515–557|month=October|year=2003|bibcode=2003OLEB...33..515G }}</ref> <ref name="h">{{Kilde www|url=http://solarsystem.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Mars&Display=Facts|tittel=NASA, Mars: Facts & Figures|besøksdato=2010-01-28|arkiv-dato=2010-05-28|arkiv-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528121225/http://solarsystem.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Mars&Display=Facts|url-status=død}}</ref> <ref name="jgr110">{{Cite journal|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research|date=7. mai 2005|last=Heldmann|first=Jennifer L.|coauthors=''et al''.|title=Formation of Martian gullies by the action of liquid water flowing under current Martian environmental conditions|url=http://daleandersen.seti.org/Dale_Andersen/Science_articles_files/Heldmann%20et%20al.2005.pdf|format=PDF|volume=110|issue=E5|page=Eo5004|doi=10.1029/2004JE002261|accessdate=2008-09-17|bibcode=2005JGRE..11005004H|archivedate=2008-10-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001162643/http://daleandersen.seti.org/Dale_Andersen/Science_articles_files/Heldmann%20et%20al.2005.pdf}} 'tilstander som nå skjer på Mars, utenfor det temperaturtrykkstabile regimet for flytende vann'... 'Flytende vann er typsik stabilt ved de laveste høydene og lavere bredegrader på planeten fordi det atmosfæriske trykket er større enn damptrykket for vann og overflatetemperaturer kan nå 273 K for deler av dagen [Haberle ''et al''., 2001]'</ref> <ref name="kostama">{{Cite journal|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|volume=33|issue=11|page=L11201|date=3. juni 2006|author=Kostama, V.-P.; Kreslavsky, M. A.; Head, J. 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Denne siden er medlem av 11 skjulte kategorier:
Kategori:1000 artikler enhver Wikipedia bør ha
Kategori:Artikler i astronomiprosjektet
Kategori:Artikler med astronomilenker og uten kobling til Wikidata
Kategori:Artikler med offisielle lenker og uten kobling til Wikidata
Kategori:Artikler med uklare setninger
Kategori:Artikler uten astronomilenker fra Wikidata
Kategori:Artikler uten offisielle lenker fra Wikidata
Kategori:CS1-vedlikehold: Eksplisitt bruk av m.fl.
Kategori:CS1-vedlikehold: Uheldig URL
Kategori:Sider med kildemaler som bruker besøksdato og mangler URL
Kategori:Utmerkede artikler
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